Beginner
Pry vs. Byebug vs. Ruby-Debug (Choosing a Debugger)
The first thing you should do is get comfortable with “falling into a debugger.” That means you put a breakpoint at the place where you want to debug. Typically, before the line of code where you crash is. And then run your specs.
Your running Ruby process will “fall into the debugger” — that means, it will stop executing your Ruby code and the debugger simply sits at a prompt waiting for you to tell it what to do. From there, if you type a variable name and hit enter, the debugger will typically evaluate & print the variable. (The fact that it evaluates and prints is an important computer science concept that often causes some subtle effects that you will learn as you learn the craft more deeply.)
“Dropping into your debugger” means when Ruby hits that line of code, it will pause the execution and hang right there without continuing. Be sure to note what that looks like because your browser will simply be frozen until you explicitly tell Ruby to continue.
You’ll want to switch between your browser and your shell prompt where you are running Ruby
You can also do something call step (or sometimes step over) which means you tell Ruby to execute one line of code and then wait for your next instruction. If that line of code happens to be a method, since you told Ruby to step over exactly one line of code, it will execute the entire method (including all of its lines of code, child methods, etc), come back up into the point where you are in the debugging callstack, and then wait for your next instruction.
If, on the other hand, you are at a breakpoint and the next line of code is a method that you want to go into and debug inside, or step into, you’re gonna do just that: step into. Notice the subtle distinction between step over and step into.
Finally, when you’re done debugging, you’ll typically type c for continue. That means the debugger should stop waiting for your instructions and just keep runing the rest of your program until it naturally either exits or crashes.
Remember, the concepts above apply all debuggers in all languages! The specific syntax you will use to do the above commands will be specific to the actual debugger you choose.
Here are the three primary debuggers used in the Ruby community:
| Pry | Byebug | Ruby-Debug | |
|---|---|---|---|
| How to drop into the debugger | byebug | binding.b | |
| Compatible with Zeitwork? (hot reloads your Ruby files as you change them) | NO | YES | |
| When calling to a shell, you may get a deadlock like eval error: No live threads left. Deadlock? |
Byebug
deivid-rodriguez/byebug
Byebug is a fantastic debugger available for Ruby 2 (and presumably above). Drop gem ‘byebug’
into your Rails app Gemfile and bundle install.
In either your test run or your development run (that is, while you’re running a test or testing with the browser or as I covered yesterday, Postman), write byebug in your Ruby code.
on a single line of your app and voila. When you hit that line, you will drop into the debugger.
If you’re not developing a Rails app, you can reqiure 'byebug' at the top of your Ruby file.
Ruby Debug
With Rails 7, the default debugger is now ruby/debug.
Tools, Tricks, and Essential Ruby For Debugging
pretty print (pp)
Pretty print is one of my favorite introspection tools to help see variables more clearly.
You write it on the console as pp. It prints out your object with each attribute on its own line. Take for example this Country object, shown here on the Rails console without pretty print
2.4.6 :010 > x
=> #<Country id: 232, iso_name: "UNITED STATES", iso: "US", iso3: "USA", name: "United States", numcode: 840, states_required: true, updated_at: "2019-05-19 17:16:07", zipcode_required: true>
Now, with pretty print, the same object is conveniently displayed with each attribute as its own line. This is invaluably helpful when you have deep nesting of objects.
2.4.6 :009 > pp x
#<Country:0x00007fd8507ea358
id: 232,
iso_name: "UNITED STATES",
iso: "US",
iso3: "USA",
name: "United States",
numcode: 840,
states_required: true,
updated_at: Sun, 19 May 2019 17:16:07 UTC +00:00,
zipcode_required: true>
Debugging, debugging, debugging.
puts, .to_s, and .inspect
OK, so we get a 3-in-1 here: When you call puts on an object, .to_s will be called and then output to your screen. So you should make your objects have a .to_s that is human readable, possibly even for use in, say, a drop-down menu or label.
class Person
attr_accessor :first_name, :last_name
def to_s
"#{first_name} #{last_name}"
end
end
.inspect, on the other hand, is specifically for developers. In this method, you would write out as much information as you the developer (or next developer) want to see, including the keys (ids) of your objects if those will be helpful:
class Person
attr_accessor :first_name, :last_name
def inspect
"Person id: #{id} - first: #{first_name}; last: #{last_name}"
end
end
Your objects should have both .to_s and .inspect on them, and you can try these universally named Ruby methods on other people’s objects to examine them. A well-formed codebase implements them or has a helpful output for both of these to help you with your debugging.
.to_yaml
Pretty print’s cousin is the .to_yaml method, which will take your object and convert it into YAML. Take for example this arbitrary object, which you will notice contains a :ghi key that has a nested object as its value:
2.4.6 :023 > x= {abc: 1, def: 4, ghi: {ye: 6, nm: 3}}
=> {:abc=>1, :def=>4, :ghi=>{:ye=>6, :nm=>3}}
2.4.6 :024 > x
=> {:abc=>1, :def=>4, :ghi=>{:ye=>6, :nm=>3}}
.to_yaml on its own will produce a string that will output with newline characters, like so:
2.4.6 :025 > x.to_yaml
=> "-\n:abc: 1\n:def: 4\n:ghi:\n :ye: 6\n :nm: 3\n"
To make this more useful, try puts along with .to_yaml
2.4.6 :026 > puts x.to_yaml
-
:abc: 1
:def: 4
:ghi:
:ye: 6
:nm: 3
x.method(:_____).source_location
(where :_____ is name of the method — as a symbol — you are trying to search for)
OK, so the ultimate secret tool of Ruby debugging is this little-known method that will magically — and I mean magically — tell you where a method was defined. That’s right, I mean the actual line number itself.
2.2.5 :002 > a.method(:hello)
=> #<Method: Apple(Thingy)#hello>
2.2.5 :003 > a.method(:hello).source_location
=> ["/Users/jason/Projects/nokogiri-playground/app/models/thingy.rb", 2]
Look, ma, take a peek into my hard drive and you would find that the hello method is actually defined on the file at the full path /Users/jason/Projects/nokogiri-playground/app/models/thingy.rb on line 2.
Like magic it works for Rails and Gem code too, and is invaluable when you are ready to dive into the APIs you are working with.
x.methods
By default, this method will return a list of all of the methods on an object. Watch out because you’ll get all the methods on the ancestor chain too.
In older versions of Ruby, you could use this method to examine the instance methods that were defined on this class only (excluding the ancestors), but unfortunately this no longer works.
If you pass this method false, like so: x.methods(false)
…things get more interesting: then you get only the class methods defined on this object’s class itself. (Remember in Ruby class methods are defined with self.)
For Rails, be sure to check out the Advanced Rails Debugging techniques page also.